Comprehensive overview of the term 'Total Final Expenditure' in economics, its definition, historical context, conceptual background, and more.
Detailed examination of the concept of burden in economic contexts, specifically debt burden and tax burden.
The argument that changes in government policy are offset by changes in individual behavior, maintaining economic equilibrium.
A comprehensive examination of the term 'budget' with a specific focus on its meaning, usage, and theoretical implications in economics.
Charges levied on individuals or their employers to pay for the costs of social security benefits.
The fiscal year used by the US federal government, running from October 1 to September 30 in the following year.
An overview of the progressive tax system where the tax burden rises more than proportionate to the income or ability to pay.
A tax imposed on expenditure rather than income; often known as expenditure tax.
An examination of discretionary spending and its role in economic policy, contrasting with mandatory spending.
Limits set on overall expenditure in cash terms to enhance efficient use of government and business expenditures.
A US federal legislative bill authorizing expenditure.
An overview and in-depth analysis of public expenditure, its types, purposes, and implications in various economic theories.
The principle that tax should fall on those who can afford to pay, where tax payments increase with income or assets of taxpayers.
Definition and meaning of ad valorem tax, a tax proportional to the price of the object being taxed.
Aid provided in the form of goods or services rather than in the form of money.
Exploring the concept of a balanced budget amendment, its implications, and economic frameworks.
The principle that the cost of public expenditures should be met by those who benefit from them.
Understanding the concept of budget deficit, its implications, measurement, and analytical frameworks.
A UK tax on business premises used to finance local authorities, now levied at a uniform national rate.
An in-depth look at the definition, context, and implications of capital levy commonly referred to as capital tax.
An overview of corporation tax, its historical evolution, and different theoretical perspectives.
A tax levied by UK local authorities on property holders, dependent on property valuation.
The UK tax authority responsible for collecting indirect taxes, including customs duties, before merging with HM Revenue in 2005 to form HM Revenue and Customs.
A calculation of what the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR) would be at a normal level of economic activity.
Taxes levied on a person’s estate after their death, intended to discourage inherited wealth or as government revenue.
The cost of servicing debt and its implications for individuals, businesses, and governments.
The ability to deduct certain items from income to reduce tax liability.
An international tax regime where consumption taxes are levied in the country of consumption.
A comprehensive entry on the concept of Direct Tax in economics, its definition, context, and comparative analysis.
A linkage between a particular tax and a particular type of state expenditure.
The principle that the tax burden should be allocated across individuals so that each makes an equal sacrifice.
A grant provided by central government to address income disparities among local authorities by compensating those with lower taxable capacities.
A comprehensive overview of excise duty, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
An exploration of the fiscal system within federations, encompassing the levies and expenditures at state and federal levels.
An in-depth examination of government debt, its definitions, implications, and analytical frameworks.
An overview of government expenditure, its components, and analytical frameworks
A tax on amounts inherited by particular heirs, with varying rates depending on the relationship with the deceased and the amount received.
Understanding Inland Revenue and its evolution into HM Revenue and Customs
A UK HM Revenue and Customs official who receives and assesses tax returns from individuals and companies.
A comprehensive overview of lump-sum tax, its implications in economics, and related concepts.
Detailed explanation of the marginal tax rate and its implications in economics.
An overview of the UK system for collecting income tax and National Insurance at the source through employers.
A lump-sum tax levied on every citizen at the same rate regardless of income or wealth, inherently regressive in nature.
A branch of economics focused on how governments manage revenue and expenditure to foster economic stability and growth.
A tax imposed on the sale of goods and services, typically as a percentage of the sales price.
A comprehensive look at the concept of taxation in economics, its various frameworks, and historical social impact.
The set of incomes and transactions on which direct and indirect taxes are levied.
The economics term 'tax burden' refers to the total cost plus additional expenses imposed on the economy due to the imposition of taxes.
An entry explaining the concept and mechanism of tax refunds, including the conditions under which they apply and historical context.
Understanding transfer payments and their role in economics
Treasuries serve as the primary federal agency responsible for implementing the government's economic policies.
An overview of unconditional grants, including their definition, historical context, and use in economic frameworks.
An entry defining wealth tax and exploring its implications in economics.
A tax levied at a standard rate on all receipts of income from wages or dividends, regardless of the individual’s tax liability.
