Capital formation refers to the process of adding to the stock of real productive equipment by constructing it or purchasing it from outside suppliers.
The extra output that results from a small increase in an input, formally represented by the partial derivative of a production function with respect to the input's quantity.
Rationalization refers to the reorganization of production processes in the interest of enhancing efficiency or profits, often involving significant, non-marginal changes such as the centralization or dispersion of production facilities.
Capital equipment available but not currently needed for production, maintained to meet potential sudden demand increases or to ensure continuity during equipment breakdowns.
The economic measure representing the part of the total increase in value of stocks and work in progress resulting from changes in their quantities, distinguishing from price revaluation changes.