Recession following a period of excess demand and inflation caused by severe fiscal and monetary restraints.
An in-depth look at the term 'hard loan' in economics, detailing its characteristics, frameworks, historical context, and comparisons with soft loans.
A detailed overview of the concept of hard-core unemployed, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
A dictionary entry exploring the concept and applications of the harmonic mean in economics, including comparisons with arithmetic and geometric means.
The process of convergence over time of tax rates and regulatory rules in countries belonging to an economic bloc.
An economic concept where technological progress increases labor productivity but leaves the capital-output ratio unchanged.
An exploration of the Harrod–Domar growth model, its foundation, assumptions, and implications on economic growth.
A field of economics that studies economic aspects of health care provision and management.
Insurance against medical expenses and loss of earnings due to accident or illness.
A detailed examination of the group of 39 countries identified for potential debt relief by international financial institutions based on specific economic criteria.
The method of pricing a good by estimating the value of its individual *characteristics.
A measure of firm size relative to market size used as an indicator of market concentration and competition.
Understanding Hicks-neutral technical progress, where average and marginal products of all factors increase in the same proportion for given factor proportions.
Understanding the concept of Hicksian demand in economics, also known as compensated demand.
An overview of hidden economy which encompasses economic activities not included in official statistics.
Understanding the concept of hidden unemployment and the implications it holds in economic analysis.
Definition and explanation of high-powered money in economics.
An overview of the term 'home production' in the context of economics
A fundamental concept in economics describing goods that have uniform properties and are identical in every unit.
An overview of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, established in 1891, with a market capitalization of US$2.7 trillion as of February 2016.
A merger between firms at the same stage of production
Money in bank balances or liquid securities which is liable to rapid removal to other countries if the holders suspect that the currency will depreciate.
A group of people living together with common domestic expenses, often deciding on consumption expenditure as a unit.
Understanding the concept of household production, its significance, and how it is accounted for in different economic systems.
The stock of knowledge, skills, and abilities that determine the labor productivity of an individual.
A comprehensive look at hyperinflation, its definition, historical context, and its implications on the economy.
Explanation of the logical equivalence between two statements denoted as 'If and Only If' (IFF)
The property of an asset that is not easily converted into cash without a significant price discount.
An overview of immigration as it pertains to movement of foreign nationals for the purpose of residency
A market situation in which some participants have the ability to influence prices.
An understanding between parties on acceptable forms of behaviour that is not part of any formal agreement.
Exploring the concept of implicit costs in economics, its definition and significance.
Detailed explanation of Import Duty and its implications in economics
Understanding the term 'Import Penetration' and its relevance in Economics
An overview of import restrictions and their economic implications
A strategy for the industrialization of less developed countries (LDCs), focusing on replacing imports with domestically produced substitutes.
A detailed look at import tariffs, their definition, meaning, and economic implications.
Goods of types which could be imported, whether or not they actually are.
Examining the phenomenon of imported inflation and its impact on domestic price levels.
An exploration of the concept of imports, including visible and invisible imports and their economic significance.
An explanation of the economic concept of imputed income, where value is attributed to non-cash benefits from the use of owned assets.
Redistribution that takes the form of goods or services rather than cash to ensure consumption of intended items.
A contract that incorporates incentives designed to induce desired behaviour.
Explanation of incentives as economic tools used to influence actions of economic agents through rewards or penalties.
A comprehensive definition and exploration of the term 'income,' its various types, and implications for individuals with and without financial assets.
An exploration of the method used to calculate GDP by summing up earnings.
The division of total income among different recipients.
Income earned working for another person, firm, or government body. Can be measured including or excluding benefits in kind or net of deductions.
Income derived by individuals from unincorporated businesses, combining wages and returns on capital.
Measurement approach of domestic product by calculating factor incomes received.
An overview of income redistribution, including methods, aims, and implications in economic systems.
Understanding the income velocity of circulation in the context of economic theory
A comprehensive overview and analysis of the concept of incomplete contract in economics.
Situations where certain goods or services cannot be traded because there is no organized market on which to trade.
An analysis of the increase in the book value of stocks and work in progress as shown in firms' accounts and its implications on economic indicators.
An exploration of increasing returns to scale, defining the concept, its implications, and its role in various economic frameworks.
An outline explaining the term 'incumbent firm' and its implications in economics, particularly within the context of market dynamics and competitive advantages.
An economic variable whose value is tied to an index number, commonly used to adjust interest, wages, or pensions to shield against inflation.
A graphical representation of the set of commodity bundles that are ranked as equally good by a consumer.
An exploration of the concept of indirect investment, its mechanisms, and implications in financial markets.
The maximum utility level a consumer can achieve expressed as a function of prices and income.
The concept and application of the indirect utility function in Economics
An in-depth exploration of industrial action, tactics used by both workers and employers during industrial disputes.
An in-depth look at the concept of industrial concentration in economics.
The field of economics devoted to the study of decision-making by firms and the interaction between firms in the marketplace.
A comprehensive overview of industrial licensing in economics.
An exploration of the field of industrial organization, which studies market structure and strategic behavior of firms.
The relations between the management and workforce of an enterprise, particularly bargaining through trade unions concerning various aspects of employment.
A comprehensive overview of the industrial sector, its definition, and its role within the economy.
An analysis and explanation of the industry supply curve in economics.
An overview of the term 'industry' in economics, its background, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Not obtaining the maximum benefit from the use of resources in economics, leading to costly outcomes.
An examination of the economic term 'Inelastic Demand,' its definition, implications, and relevancy in different economic frameworks.
An examination of economic inequality, its measurement, and its impact on economies and societies.
A new industry which during its early stages is unable to compete with established producers abroad, often supported by government policies.
Inflation is a persistent increase in nominal prices, measured by price indices such as the consumer price index or GDP deflator.
The rate of increase of a specified price index, measured typically on an annual basis.
The economics term 'inflationary gap' refers to the excess of the actual level of economic activity over the level corresponding to the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment, leading to increased inflation.
Definition and meaning of information in the context of economics
Information asymmetry occurs when one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other party.
Injections to the circular flow of income refer to forms of spending that do not originate from current income such as investment spending by firms, government expenditure, and export sales to foreigners.
An observation in a data set that lies within the interior of a distribution but is in error
Barriers to entry in an industry resulting from natural, technical, or social conditions, not deliberately designed to restrict entry.
Exploring the economic application of new ideas, including product, process, and business organization innovations.
The prices at which factors of production, including fuels, materials, and intermediate products, can be obtained.
Study of the flows of goods and services between different sectors of the economy.
Overview of inputs, their role in production, and related concepts
An informative dictionary entry on the concept of insider dealing, covering its definition, historical context, major analytical frameworks, and related terms.
The analysis of economics emphasizing the role of institutions in determining economic outcomes.
A comprehensive overview of Institutional Shareholders in the context of economics.
A company whose main activity is providing various types of insurance policies and managing premium-generated assets.
Exploration of intangible assets in economics, including their definitions, characteristics, and role in financial markets.
The combination of different economic activities under unified control.
The margin affected by changes in the level to which an existing activity is undertaken.
Trading scenario where a country's exports and imports consist of different types of goods, built on differences in factor endowments.
Understanding the concept of Interdependent Utility and its implications in economic theory.
Payment for a loan additional to repayment of the amount borrowed.
Understanding the concept and implications of interest payments in economics.
