A pension scheme with insufficient accumulated funds to meet expected future liabilities.
Understanding the implications of under-capitalization in various economic frameworks and its impact on businesses and financial institutions
A comprehensive analysis of the term 'union' in economic contexts, including customs union, payments union, and trade union
An overview of the unofficial economy, also known as the hidden economy, which encompasses all economic activities that occur outside of formal and official mechanisms.
Understanding Unemployment: Definitions, Measurement, Frameworks, and Analysis
The study of the economics of urban areas including factors influencing the growth of towns and metropolitan areas, and challenges unique to conurbations.
A description of the U-shaped average cost curve in economics and its implications on production and cost structures.
A graphical representation mirroring the Beveridge curve that illustrates the relationship between job vacancies (v) and unemployment (u)
A comprehensive source of digitized economic and social data provided by the ESRC for research, education, and policy development.
A voting rule requiring unanimous approval for an alternative to be selected.
Explanation and significance of an unbiased estimator in statistics and econometrics
