Permission granted by authorities to use land for specific purposes, often increasing land values when transferred to more profitable uses.
An international agreement on economic policies aimed at depreciating the US dollar.
The system of financing investment in firms by retaining profits
The ratio of a proportional change in one variable to that of another, measured at a specific point.
An economic term referring to the process where middle-class jobs requiring moderate levels of skill decrease relative to low-paid and well-paid jobs.
An exploration of the collaborative effort of policy-making among multiple entities, primarily countries, to achieve better economic outcomes by addressing externality effects.
A policy measure under the control of the monetary or fiscal authorities.
An analysis of the theory that governments manipulate the economy for political advantage, leading to specific economic fluctuations.
An exploration of political economy, its historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
A lump-sum tax levied on every citizen at the same rate regardless of income or wealth, inherently regressive in nature.
The principle that requires the polluting party to bear the costs associated with mitigating pollution, in line with the damage caused to society or the level of pollution exceeding acceptable standards.
Damage to the environment by the emission of noxious substances, impacting air, water, and land surfaces.
